基于陆海统筹的陆海经济关系及国土空间利用：现状、问题及发展方向

陆海统筹作为我国重大国家战略,既要在国家层面实现海陆要素的优化配置,更要在区域层面引导海陆产业的空间布局,从而推动区域协调发展。当前基于陆海统筹的陆海经济和国土空间利用研究还处于探索阶段,缺乏系统的理论研究与大量的实践应用。从陆海统筹相关概念及理论、陆海社会经济关系、海岸带空间利用冲突及规划管控三方面,探讨了不同学科学者在陆海统筹背景下的陆海经济关系、国土空间利用研究进展及存在问题,并提出未来研究应强化陆海统筹背景下的陆海资源环境与陆海社会经济发展间的多尺度耦合与带动效应研究,明晰区域陆海统筹水平及演化特征、影响因素及响应机制,重视海岸带空间利用冲突诊断与调控,持续推进基于陆海统筹的海岸带国土空间规划实践。     

浅埋深黏土包气带氮迁移转化原位实验研究

通过原位实验,对浅埋深黏土包气带中氮的迁移转化开展研究.结果表明,实测地下水埋深介于145.9~173.6cm,地下水毛细上升高度计算值可达297.0cm,土壤含水率除表层外介于0.30~0.45cm³/cm³;NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N在地面以下155cm含量最高为1.43,23.00mg/kg,超出背景值1.13,21.05mg/kg;包气带含水率近饱和条件下,粘土对氮污染物迁移阻滞作用减弱,NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N在1d内自地表迁移至155cm.浅埋深地下水减弱了黏土对氮污染物运移的阻滞作用.浅埋深地下水减弱了黏土对氮污染物运移的阻滞作用.     

A2O缺氧池添加天然碳源玉米芯的脱氮特征

基于低碳源污水易硝化难反硝化的问题,构建了在A²O缺氧池添加天然碳源玉米芯的中试系统,采用物料衡算、反硝化速率测定和微生物群落分析等方法,研究了该系统的脱氮效能和反硝化体系特征.结果表明,TN去除率提升13%,出水从16.2降至10.0mg/L;同时不会造成出水氨氮和色度超标的风险.物料衡算表明,COD碳源的氧化消耗量和出水排放量降低,更多的碳源用于反硝化和污泥增殖,从而提升了氮素的去除量,其中反硝化的提升贡献更大.缺氧池形成了悬浮污泥加生物膜的复合型脱氮体系:在污水自身碳源存在时,生物膜和悬浮污泥的反硝化速率分别为24.89和32.42mg/(L∙h),可实现快速脱氮;当自身碳源消耗殆尽,二者的反硝化速率分别是4.71和1.73mg/(L×h),单位生物量反硝化速率分别是1.58和59.1mg NO₃^--N/(g VSS×h),表明玉米芯主要被生物膜利用以维持反硝化进行.该体系的主要反硝化菌属为Azospira,此外在生物膜表面还富集了能够附着生长的Iamia和Haliangium,以及能够降解玉米芯木质素的Sulfuritalea等反硝化菌属.     

都柳江上游沿岸喀斯特地区土壤重金属污染及健康风险分析

以贵州省都柳江上游沿岸喀斯特地区为研究对象,根据空间系统法布设样点,共采集62个表层土壤样品.运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、人体健康风险评价模型、克里金插值方法和地理探测器模型,研究土壤重金属Sb、As、Cd、Pb和Cu的污染及人体健康风险空间分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤Sb和 Cd含量分别是贵州省土壤重金属背景值的6.58和1.95倍.土壤重金属总体属于轻度污染,土壤Sb和As的轻度及以上污染面积分别占总面积的24.62%和20.97%,Cd轻度污染面积分布最广,占总面积的44.55%.研究区土壤重金属人体健康风险为低风险等级,儿童健康风险大于成人,Cd和Sb是人体健康风险的主要影响元素.由地理探测器分析可知,所有因子中地层对土壤中Sb和Cd人体健康风险空间分异的解释力最大,其余因子对土壤Cd的人体健康风险空间分异解释力大小依次为：土壤类型>海拔>距河流远近>土地利用类型>坡度;而其余单一因子对土壤中Sb人体健康风险空间分异的解释力均较低,其空间分异可能受到多重因子的复合影响.地层与Cd对成人和儿童的致癌健康风险呈显著正相关（p＜0.05）,相关系数为0.63,地层与Sb对成人和儿童的非致癌健康风险呈显著正相关（p＜0.05）,相关系数为0.43.Cd的最高人体健康风险概率主要分布在独山组和龙洞水组及邦寨组,Sb的最高人体健康风险概率主要分布在石牛栏组和邦寨组.因此,研究区内石牛栏组、邦寨组和独山组地层是该区域土壤重金属健康风险的重点防控对象.     

Microbial growth with vapor-phase substrate

Limited information exists on influences of the diffusive transport of volatile organic contaminants (VOC) on bacterial activity in the unsaturated zone of the terrestrial subsurface. Diffusion of VOC in the vapor-phase is much more efficient than in water and results in effective VOC transport and high bioavailability despite restricted mobility of bacteria in the vadose zone. Since many bacteria tend to accumulate at solid-water, solid-air and air-water interfaces, such phase boundaries are of a special interest for VOC-biodegradation. In an attempt to evaluate microbial activity toward air-borne substrates, this study investigated the spatio-temporal interplay between growth of Pseudomonas putida (NAH7) on vapor-phase naphthalene (NAPH) and its repercussion on vapor-phase NAPH concentrations. Our data demonstrate that growth rates of strain PpG7 were inversely correlated to the distance from the source of vapor-phase NAPH. Despite the high gas phase diffusivity of NAPH, microbial growth was absent at distances above 5 cm from the source when sufficient biomass was located in between. This indicates a high efficiency of suspended bacteria to acquire vapor-phase compounds and influence headspace concentration gradients at the centimeter-scale. It further suggests a crucial role of microorganisms as biofilters for gas-phase VOC emanating from contaminated groundwater or soil.     

Coastal resource complexes of South India: options for sustainable management

India's coastal resource complexes were traditionally characterized by a continuum of 'common property resources' or 'commons' that stretched from the shores to the seas. The continuum aided the existence of sustainable livelihood systems for local communities. Today, fragmented policy approaches and economic welfare schemes have caused the disintegration of community control over the continuum. As a consequence, livelihood systems of local communities have declined. The introduction of coastal management guidelines in the 1990s has exacerbated the situation. With reference to a coastal village located in the State of Kerala in South West India, the paper describes the trajectory of unsustainable change that has taken place in the coastal area resource complexes of the country. The paper argues for restoring the continuum of commons in the study area through community driven systems of natural resource management that are based on networks of nested institutions.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。     

河西走廊临泽样区土壤系统分类研究

根据《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》(1995)，对河西走廊临泽样区土壤进行了系统分类研究，提出了临泽样区土壤系统分类方案将土壤分为4个土纲(人为土、干旱土、潜育土和雏形土)，4个亚纲，5个土类和8个亚类。同时探讨了样区土壤基层分类单元之土系的划分，初步拟定了12个土系。     

绿洲农区土地可持续利用初步研究——以河西走廊临泽样区为例

土地可持续利用就是实现土地生产力的持续增长和稳定性 ,保证土地资源潜力和防止土地退化 ,并具有良好的社会效益和经济效益。本文以河西走廊临泽样区为例 ,以根据土系划分出的三种土地利用方式为研究对象 ,对其在土地可持续利用方面进行了定量化评价研究 ,在此基础上 ,提出了绿洲农区土地可持续利用途径